The Concept Of State Of Emergency - 2090 Words

ïÆ'Ëœ CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION TO THE CONCEPT OF ‘STATE OF EMERGENCY’ It is critical to start by characterizing what scholars mean by the term emergency. The idea of emergency law is focused around the reality that the general motivation behind all government truly is the benefit of the individuals. Emergency law implies that the ruler or the government in an emergency circumstance can take measures that are outside the boundary of confinement of the law or against the immediate letters of the law. Emergency law must be chosen by the executive power, the executive extension of government. Democracy, laws and human rights are only means that the individuals can use to control the executive extension and in this way guarantee that it meets†¦show more content†¦It takes measures for circumstances, which lawmakers were not able to foresee, when the laws were made. Emergencies frequently indicate unpredicted circumstances that at the same time represent a risk and require quick reaction. Zuckerman notes three parts of an emergency: an epistemic segment ( unexpected, sudden ), a fleeting part ( requests quick activity ), and an existential segment ( represents an essential danger ), as in an emergency is a danger to something s presence, security, or integrity. That is, emergencies are unforeseen occasions that create a danger and oblige pressing activity. Machiavelli and Locke offer the estimation that there will dependably be unanticipated phenomena in political life and that executives hold sole power to focus when occasions constitute crises. These scholars, then again, give contrasting views of what produces a fundamental threat. The thought that an emergency represents a peril to something s presence is a principle purpose of contention between Machiavelli and Locke. For Machiavelli, a danger emerges when a startling episode may hinder t he ruler s capacity to hold power, and the sovereign ought to be the main individual with the power to focus when this danger exists. Conversely, Locke contends that dangers to the public good constitute emergency circumstances, and it is dependent upon the official to recognize when a circumstance

Personality Theories And Internet Testing - 1061 Words

Personality Theories Why has personality theories and internet testing created so much interest in the hiring process? Can you judge a person s ability to perform the work just by giving them a personality assessment? Not always, but in the process of hiring many organizations can rely on personality theories and testing, which helps the process of pre-selection. Personality theories help measure, cognitive ability, knowledge, and personality of potential candidates. Employers today use pre–assessment as part of the selection process for multiple reasons. Personality theories and Internet testing is saves them time, money and filter the candidates in the pre-employment using personality traits. Personality theories and Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT) are both effective methods. With the over-flowing job applications, personality theories and CAT helps reducing the overall time of the hiring process. Time is a very important factor for any company. Personality theories and computer adaptive testing are meaningful in the process of hiring because it saves time, saves money and is meaningful if it is evaluated for reliability, validity and acceptability. Many tests are written specifically for business settings and are likely to be deemed acceptable by job applicants. Most scholars now agree that personality is determined by a combination of both genetics and environment, and that neither is solely responsible for personality. Computer adaptive testing (CAT) is a majorShow MoreRelatedHow Personality Influences What Type Of Sns A Person Will Likely Use1545 Words   |  7 Pagesrequired. Testing the relationships among key variables is important when trying to understand the influential impact of these technological forums. With a recent growth in SNS such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram there is a distinct lack of psychological theory relating to SNS use. Although research has begun to examine the type of people who use SNS, few studies have focused on all three of these websites. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is aimed to investigate how personality influencesRead MoreThe Impact Of Pre Employment Tests On Children And Public Settings863 Words   |  4 Pagesproctor. Technological innovations such as surveillance equipment, and random sampling from large item pools, evolved to aid in minimizing cheating during proctored tests (Gibby et al., 2009; Bartram 2009). The following proliferatio n of high speed internet into homes and public settings allowed some employers to adopt UIT in order to cut costs of pre-employment test administration while reaching a more diverse pool of applicants. Many selection officials, however, continue to use proctored tests forRead More The need for social belonging1218 Words   |  5 PagesFor several years lay observations have caused a postulate of theory which is; within the time it takes for a high school senior to advance to a distinction of sophomore at University level, a phenomenon of sudden change by these young adults to a contradictory belief system has occurred. Having close association to young adults; both relational and by acquaintance, certain aspects of personality, specifically; the need for social belonging, raised the thought that it was this rather than true contemplationRead MoreThe Generation Of Young Professionals1375 Words   |  6 Pagesinstantaneous information from ever increasing internet access and the shr inking of our world due to explosive growth of social media has resulted in a society that is connected, but at a great distance and on a level that is minimally personal. Additionally, education has conformed to this idea of centralizing information, as we see that from the SAT to the AMFTRB, millennials have been subjected to curriculum that is centered around standardized testing more than ever before, habituating our thoughtRead MorePrimary And Secondary Psychopathy And Cognitive Empathy1103 Words   |  5 Pagespsychopaths are more introverted, socially anxious with low self-esteem (Blackburn Fawcett, 1999). Empathy is essentially the capacity or ability to understand and share another person’s mental experience. Cognitive empathy, is often referred to as Theory of Mind (ToM) and is conceptualised as the ability to understand and infer the emotions and emotional experiences of anther (Jolliffe Farrington, 2004). â€Æ' Method Design In this experiment a correlational design was used in order to determine aRead MorePsychometric Evaluation Of A New Measure Of Dispositional Optimism936 Words   |  4 PagesOptimism Dispositional optimism (DO) is a psychological construct defined as the tendency to have positive expectations about the future [CITE]. DO is considered a relatively stable trait, and is based upon the expectancy-value theory of motivation [CITE fishbein]. The theory suggests that an individual’s confidence in their ability to succeed (expectancy) and the predicted benefits of completing a task (value) determine the strength of their motivation. A person with a high score of DO (an optimist)Read MoreLiterature Review On Media Violence1461 Words   |  6 PagesPSY 4111 Literature Review. E. Langslow Trends across research suggest exposure to media violence positively correlates with subsequent violent behaviour In this era of internet connectivity, access to an array of violent media stimuli is readily available. Scientific exploration of the effects of such exposure on real world violent behaviour carries potential ramifications for the safety of global communities. Media violence is understood here as stimuli that includes depictionsRead MorePersonality Theory2846 Words   |  12 Pagespersonality theories, types and tests personality types, behavioural styles theories, personality and testing systems - for self-awareness, self-development, motivation, management, and recruitment Motivation, management, communications, relationships - focused on yourself or others - are a lot more effective when you understand yourself, and the people you seek to motivate or manage or develop or help. Understanding personality is also the key to unlocking elusive human qualities, for exampleRead MorePersonality Theories2857 Words   |  12 Pagespersonality theories, types and tests personality types, behavioural styles theories, personality and testing systems - for self-awareness, self-development, motivation, management, and recruitment Motivation, management, communications, relationships - focused on yourself or others - are a lot more effective when you understand yourself, and the people you seek to motivate or manage or develop or help. Understanding personality is also the key to unlocking elusive human qualities, for exampleRead MoreDesign And Prototyping For The Same Problem Space Essay1669 Words   |  7 Pageswhere all of us can take part in the meeting on time. And I was the middleman between each other to coordinate everyone in the team during the design process; moreover I also have provided good transport for team members when we have meeting and user testing part. And not only physical materials for our prototype like the platform for app running were provide by me, but also the materials for the promotion materials (video promotion) were provide by me. In the beginning of the project, I have done some

Homeostatic Feedback System and Glucose

Questions: 1.Why do cells need glucose? 2.Describe the homeostatic feedback system that would be activated in response to an elevated blood glucose level? 3.Vitamins and minerals are important for body health. Name sources and describe the role of calcium ions and vitamin D in maintaining bone health. What would be the consequence to bone health if there was a lack of either calcium or vitamin D in the body? Answers: 1. Glucose is amongst the bodys fuels. An energy rich monosaccharide sugar could be broken up in our cells in order to generate the adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is a small packet of the chemical energy, which powers the countless the biochemical reaction which often takes place in our body each second (Dupuis, Langenberg, Prokopenko, Saxena, Soranzo, Jackson Lindgren, 2010). The purpose of the glucose in the cell is to provide energy. Many of the nerve cell rely almost exclusively on the glucose for the energy they provide. This is the reason as to why maintenance of the blood glucose is important in order to functioning to the nerve system (Humphrey, Dufresne Schwartz, 2014). Glucose is also useful to the cell for the purpose of respiration in the cellular respiration where it is broken down to carbon dioxide, water and the ATP energy, which is useful for a long time. 2. This is the bodys mechanism to change its own variable back to an ideal state. When a person has increased glucose levels, the nervous system detects it (Scheuner, Song, McEwen, Liu, Laybutt, Gillespie Kaufman, 2001). The insulin secreting specialized (part of the endocrine system) cells of the pancreas detect when glucose levels rise above the normal homoeostatic level of about 90 mg/100ml per deciliter of blood due to a stimulus (Wynn, Chawla Pollard, 2013). In diabetic persons, glucose levels are reduced by loss through urine. However, in healthy persons the body uses two hormones insulin and glucagon. Insulin is produced by the beta (Wynn, Chawla Pollard, 2013). The insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas are stimulated to release insulin to the blood. Most body cells as a result takes up more glucose: To be used as an energy source as insulin increases cellular intake of glucose utilization or get stored for future use. ATP is also generated. The liver and the skeletal mus cles cells also takes up glucose and stores it by forming glycogen. Insulin also stimulates and increases fat synthesis in adipose (fat) tissues and the liver cells (Wynn, Chawla Pollard, 2013). Due to these control mechanisms, the blood levels decrease to an established point along with the stimulus for insulin release decreases and body income to homeostasis. Additionally hormones that may affect blood glucose amounts consist of cortisol, epinephrine as well as growth hormone; these types of all raise the blood glucose levels. 3. Bone grow throughout our lifetimes. Calcium is a crucial mineral in a bones development process. Osteoclasts are body cells that assimilate old, weaker bones, which have significantly less calcium compared to once them, were new. Vitamin D models osteoblasts cells for new bones to develop (Wynn, Chawla Pollard, 2013). Ones cells are damaged by osteoclast the osteoblasts use calcium to generate new layers of bone cells to restore all of them. Calcium is assimilated by the gastrointestinal process, which is transferred on the surface of the bone throughout bone development (Humphrey, Dufresne Schwartz, 2014). Calcium additionally links to the organic surface of new bone cells as well as brings about them to harden. The skeletal method is mad strong by these kinds of hard layers of bone material and calcium. Certain minerals contained in bone are calcium fluoride, calcium phosphate, as well as calcium carbonate. The mineral above aid the prevention of bones from shattering under cr ushing force. Vitamin D protects your bones and plays the main role of stimulating absorption of calcium from the gut. Strong bones in children are built by vitamin D; adults also need it to keep their bones strong and healthy (Rodgers, Lerin, Haas, Gygi, Spiegelman Puigserver, 2005). Lack of enough vitamin D, may lead to lose of bones, lower bone density, and may easily lead to the bones breaking at an old age. References Dupuis, J., Langenberg, C., Prokopenko, I., Saxena, R., Soranzo, N., Jackson, A. U., ... Lindgren, C. M. (2010). New genetic loci implicated in fasting glucose homeostasis and their impact on type 2 diabetes risk. Nature genetics, 42(2), 105-116. Humphrey, J. D., Dufresne, E. R., Schwartz, M. A. (2014). Mechanotransduction and extracellularmatrix homeostasis. Nature reviews Molecular cell biology, 15(12), 802- 812. Rodgers, J. T., Lerin, C., Haas, W., Gygi, S. P., Spiegelman, B. M., Puigserver, P. (2005). Nutrient control of glucose homeostasis through a complex of PGC-1 and SIRT1. Nature, 434(7029), 113- 118. Scheuner, D., Song, B., McEwen, E., Liu, C., Laybutt, R., Gillespie, P., ... Kaufman, R. J. (2001).Translational control is required for the unfolded protein response and in vivo glucose homeostasis. Molecular cell, 7(6), 1165-1176. Wynn, T. A., Chawla, A., Pollard, J. W. (2013). Macrophage biology in development, homeostasis and disease. Nature, 496(7446), 445-455. Nature, 496(7446), 445-455

Ritalin is not a wonder drug Essays - Methylphenidate,

Ritalin is not a wonder drug ADD? Ritalin is not a wonder drug! Do you have a child that suffers from ADD or ADHD? Do you think that prescribing your child Ritalin will make everything work out? If the answer is yes, you are sadly, sorely mistaken. Yes, medical treatments can answer problems created by a neurological chemical imbalance that is present in children with ADD/ADHD. But the behaviors that they exhibit are also largely connected to the interactions that they have started experiencing between their parents and themselves, and the types of attention they are garnering. Hila Adany begs: "Please acknowledge the behavioral aspect of ADD/ADHD as well". "We tried everything: eventually, we took our son for testing, and the final diagnosis was that our son is suffering from ADD. So we started him on medication, but besides for his teacher's reports that there is a slight improvement in his performance at school, at home we have seen no change at all". These were the first words I heard from Neta and Dvir, a wonderful couple. Loving parents, who are engaging in the battle against their son's ADD, and feel that they are losing. "His behavior is intolerable. The outbursts, the constant refusals... We don't know what to do". Unfortunately, they are not the only parents to experience this problem. Don't Despair When a child is diagnosed with ADD/ADHD, and the disorder makes it difficult for you, and others, to cope with his/her negative behavior, it is essential that the child receives behavioral treatment along with medical treatment. Often, the medication corrects the chemical imbalance that is affecting the child - that is, it answers the neurological issue - but does not 'fix' the daily interactions between a parent and child. Of course, it is likely that the child's difficult behavior began with this chemical imbalance. But, it is strengthened and bolstered through everyday interactions, over time. For example: If parents respond with giving in to, or bargaining with a child who is being immensely uncooperative, the child is not likely to change. Rather, this simply serves to reinforce his/her contrary behavior. This is due to the fact that the child begins to subconsciously understand that that being stubborn, explosive or rude, often results in getting his/her own way. Further, responding to negative behavior with coaxing, explanations and/or bartering, may get parents some short term peace and quiet, but in the long run, it does not decrease behavioral difficulties. On the contrary, things usually start to deteriorate more. If the situation is indeed worsening, this is an indication that the child is somewhat 'enjoying' the attention - and thus has no need to change any behaviors. (And yes, reprimands constitute attention. Negative attention is still attention.) No Miracle Cures This is where behavioral treatment comes in. This form of therapy assesses the function, or power, of adverse behavior during the daily communication between a parent and child. In simpler terms, it assesses 'what causes my child to behave the way he/she is behaving, and what is he/she gaining by behaving in this way?'. Once the reasons behind the child's behavior have been brought to light, it is possible to adjust the details of behavioral therapy to suit the specific issues that each family is dealing with. With regard to ADD/ADHD, behavioral therapy looks at the entire day as a whole, as well as all the individual daily occurrences within the family unit. This is an essential aspect of this therapy because human behavior can not be accurately assessed through analyzing separate instances that occur during a day. Rather, it is only through all of those instances as a whole that an authentic picture can emerge. That is, each interaction that takes place affects the one after it, and all subsequent interactions. After the 'behavioral process' that we experienced together, Neta and Dvir understand that Ritalin is not a panacea that will remedy any and all behavioral crises. In order to help a child combat the symptoms of ADD/ADHD, a fundamental change needs to occur within parents, as well as in their methods of parenting. Although these changes require massive effort, the astonishing results they yield are well worth the effort. Parenting in the way that your child needs you to ultimately helps the family, as a whole, adopt a more enjoyable, relaxing

Fragmentary Sentences and Sentence Fragments

Fragmentary Sentences and Sentence Fragments Fragmentary Sentences and Sentence Fragments Fragmentary Sentences and Sentence Fragments By Mark Nichol A sentence can be fragmentary, but it shouldn’t be a fragment. What’s the difference? Writers should distinguish between fragmentary sentences and sentence fragments. The following sentences are fragmentary: â€Å"A virtuoso performance? Some virtuoso.† Despite the absence of a subject and a verb, which are considered standard components of a sentence, the reader fills in the missing parts: (â€Å"[Do you call that] a virtuoso performance? [That musician is] some virtuoso.†) A sentence fragment, by contrast, is usually a dependent clause formatted as if it were a complete sentence, such as the second sentence in the following passage: â€Å"I went to the store. Because I need to buy some toiletries for my trip.† The form shown in the second sentence isn’t necessarily always wrong; it’s appropriate as a response in colloquial dialogue: â€Å"Why did you go to the store?† â€Å"Because I need to buy some toiletries for my trip.† Otherwise, however, it’s erroneous. It’s possible, too, for a complete sentence to be misconstrued as a sentence fragment because of a simple error such as omission of punctuation. For example, â€Å"Before I was inclined to agree† is a sentence fragment, because the words do not constitute a complete thought; no useful information has been conveyed. The implication is that a condition will be described: â€Å"Before I was inclined to agree, I needed more proof.† If, however, before is supplied as an adverbial tag, followed by a comma (â€Å"Before, I was inclined to agree†), the wording becomes a coherent statement indicating that in the past, the writer would likely have agreed with something. Presumably, a sentence will follow with a similarly constructed reversal written in the present tense (â€Å"Now, I’m not so sure†). However, fragmentary sentences are valid. Besides the commentary form, shown above in the examples about the alleged virtuoso, they may take the form of interjections (â€Å"Whew!† â€Å"How sad!† â€Å"What a nightmare!†), expressions (â€Å"Good job!† â€Å"So long!†), and partial imperatives (â€Å"To the castle!†) Though, of course, exclamation points are not required in fragmentary sentences, they are common, and note that such sentences are considered colloquial and should be used with caution in formal writing. You with me? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Coordinating vs. Subordinating ConjunctionsThe Letter "Z" Will Be Removed from the English AlphabetHow to Style Titles of Print and Online Publications

Advertising as a Way of Marketing

Advertising as a Way of Marketing Various individuals, businesses and organizations rely heavily on advertising as a way of marketing their products and services. The mode of communication used by advertising firms determines whether the target customer finds such products or services appealing, or not.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Advertising as a Way of Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of the commonly used media for advertising include online ads, newspapers ads, TV and radio ads, and billboards, among others. Increased competition in the business, changes in technology, and the sporadic changes in consumer demand and preferences has seen marketing executives resort to the use of ads that have been designed in such a manner as to appeal to consumers. Companies and individuals marketing their products and services needs to convinced prospective consumers to purchase their products and//or services and not those of competitors. It i s important therefore to ensure that the message used to advertise such products or services is appealing to the consumers. For example, companies selling fashion and technology-based products needs to advertise such products in an appealing way in order to ‘entice’ customers to buy your products, especially the youngsters. Sophisticated appealing adverts are meant to appeal to the minds of consumers. Some of the forms of appeal currently used by companies include emotional appeal, sex appeal, brand appeal, feminine and masculine appeals, endorsement appeals, romance appeals, and rational appeal, among others (Ambekar 2009). The essay highlights several forms of ads from online sources as a way of examining the strategies used by advertising companies in order to attract consumers to purchase a particular brand. One of the commonly used marketing platforms in modern day advertising is the social media which has now become a household name. For instance, marketers are no w using Facebook and Twitter as a means of reaching out to their intended customers. This new mode of advertising has the power to attract people as they are able to view the adverts anywhere, anytime. According to Admedia Solutions Ltd (2012) firms and business organizations are switching to online advertising as it is more appealing, trendier and accommodative compared with the conventional modes of advertising such as the use of magazines or newspapers. Wicked Laser is a good example of online advertising using social media. The online advert reads,† World’s Most Powerful Handheld Laser. Win FREE S3 Arctic Laser!† (Honigman 2011). The advert appeared on an online platform posted on a Facebook wall. It contains components that enable customers to follow the ad and in the process, buy the product. First, the content used in the advert is unique. Secondly, a brand appeal is used to persuade customers to buy the product (Lamb, Hair McDaniel 267).Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Brand appeal usually associates a product with a particular product performance (Ambekar 2009). For instance, from the advert above, the text, â€Å"Most Powerful Handheld Laser†, shows that it is a product with a global repute that has been in use for a long time (Honigman 2011). Consequently, customers are attracted to this product to the extent of wanting to be associated with a world class product. Other than brand appeal and the content used, the text â€Å"Win FREE S3 Arctic Laser† also acts as a form of promotion. This means that when the customer purchases a wicked laser, he/she is assured of also getting a S3 Arctic Laser. This is a form of enticement that makes the customer to want to spend his/her money on such a product in the hope of winning the extra gift associated with it. The advert discussed above appeared on a Facebook wall p age. Social media networks acts as a platform for consumers to freely discuss various products and services. It allows customers to share different views, opinions, perception, and attitudes regarding a product before they can purchase it. If a customer reads a positive feedback regarding a given product, he/she can easily buy the product regardless of the price. Other than the textual content of the product, advertisers also use graphics to attract customers. People are attracted to a given product by the pictorial or graphical appeal as it normally captures their eyes. The image implanted in their minds has the capacity to trigger a psychological need in a consumer to poses the product, to become associated with the product, or to buy it. The concept that underlies the product is portrayed to the target customers through the use of graphics. The image created by an advert forms a relationship between the product and the customer (Lamb, Hair McDaniel 267-269). When textual content and graphical content are integrated, it becomes easier to drive the message home, as opposed to the use of words or graphics alone. For example, an advert targeting the pharmaceutical industry with the following textual content â€Å"Finally, a packaging solution that makes sense†, a graphical representation and brief explanation (Ad Excellence 2008), is an example of an advert that combines both the text and graphics. In this advert, the marketer uses texts and graphics to drive the message home. The graphics are designed in such a way as to appeal to the eyes of the consumer. The textual and the content appeal normally attract the customer as the text speaks for itself. On the other hand, the graphics is attractive to the eyes of the consumer, and it creates an impact in the mind of a consumer.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Advertising as a Way of Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, a consumer is better able to make the decision to buy the product. Subsequently, the adverts leave a positive image in the minds of consumers so that in future, they are more likely to purchase such products (Ambekar 2009). The portrayed messages and graphics generate the demand for the products. The two examples provided above portray personal appeal in the sense that they are meant to simulate such emotional appeal as self esteem and comfort (Ambekar 2009). For instance, the laser adverts imparts self esteem to the consumer because it portrays the image of a world class products. On the other hand, the pharmaceutical advert assures the customer that his/her health is safeguarded and this may stimulate joy, self-esteem comfort, and safety. In conclusion, we need to note that advertisements are designed in such a way as to leave a positive image in the minds of the consumers. As a result, the consumer may deem it necessary to associate him/herself with the product or service in ques tion. Through brand appeal, marketers are able to associate a particular brand with a particular group in the society. This enhances the willingness of a customer to buy a particular product. The combination of text and graphics has the power to bring out the intended message, appeal, and idea to the customer. Images appeal to the eyes of the customers and at the same time, implants a picture in their mind. This triggers them to buy or not to buy that particular product. Lastly, the use of social media in advertisement allows customers to interact with the product. It also allows them to exchange ideas and attitudes regarding a given product. Ad Excellence. â€Å"Pharmaceutical Ad†. 2008. Web. Ad Media Solutions Ltd. â€Å"Magazine Advertising†. 2012. Web. Ambekar, Ashwini. Different Types of Advertising Appeals. 2009. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Honigman, Brian. â€Å"What makes a successful Facebook Ads campaign?† 2011. Web. Lamb, Charles W, Joseph F. Hair, and Carl D. McDaniel.Mktg5: Student Edition. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2011. Print.

Policy analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Policy analysis - Case Study Example Essentially, the reduction in the surgery unit from 30 infections per 1000 patients to 20 infections per 1000 patients is indicative of a 1 percent drop; albeit, this one percent represents a 33% overall reduction in the infection rate as the initial infection rate was 3% and the indicate result was only 2%. Simiarly, the reduction rate in the medical unit was equally as stark; going from 10 patients per 1000 patients all the way down to 5 patients per 1000 patients. This is representative of a 0.5% reduction as the initial rate of infectino was 1% and it went down to 0.05%. This represents an even starker reduction of infection rate of 50%; as compared to the 33% reduction that was indicated above in the surgery unit that has been previously discussed. State A started with a smoking reduction rate of 20% higher than that of State B. Yet, as the states diverged, an even starker level of difference is noted. For instance, State A illustrates increased rates of smoking cessation over time; likely as a direct result of the program that it initiated. On the other hand, State B illustrates no such trends; in fact marking a higher rate of smokers year after year; beginning in 2000 and continuing up until 2010. The initial divergence of 20% at the beginning of the data period (in the year 2000) was compounded over time; up until the point at which State B represented a 68% greater chance of an individual starting smoking and becoming hooked as compared to State A that had succesfully implemented the stop smoking program at the beginning of the